FBR金属材料試験実施要領書(2023年度改訂版)

今川 裕也; 豊田 晃大; 鬼澤 高志; 加藤 章一

JAEA-Testing 2023-004, 76 Pages, 2024/03

JAEA-Testing-2023-004.pdf:2.08MB

本要領書は、高速炉の高温構造設計技術開発の一環として実施している大気中、アルゴン中及びナトリウム中材料試験の実施方法や得られたデータの整理方法についてとりまとめたものである。本報は、1977年に発行された「FBR金属材料試験実施要領書[PNC TN241 77-03]」および2001年に発行された「FBR金属材料試験実施要領書(改訂版)(マニュアル) [JNC TN9520 2001-001]」に日本産業規格(JIS)における試験法の改訂を反映するとともに、国内学会における材料試験法標準である日本機械学会(JSME)の推奨常温/高温引張試験方法や日本材料学会(JSMS)の高温低サイクル疲労試験法標準も参考にしながら作成した。

Principal preferred orientation evaluation of steel materials using time-of-flight neutron diffraction

徐 平光; Zhang, S.-Y.*; Harjo, S.; Vogel, S. C.*; 友田 陽*

Quantum Beam Science (Internet), 8(1), p.7_1 - 7_13, 2024/01

https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010007

Comprehensive information about the microstructure and crystal structure evolution during the preparation/production processes of various materials is in great demand in order to precisely control the microstructure morphology and the preferred orientation characteristics for the excellent strength-ductility-toughness balance of advanced engineering materials. isothermal annealing experiments of cold rolled 17Ni-0.2C (mass %) martensitic steel sheets were carried out by using the TAKUMI and ENGIN-X time-of-flight neutron diffractometers, respectively. The inverse pole figures based on full-profile refinement were extracted to roughly evaluate the preferred orientation features along three principal sample directions of investigated steel sheets using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) software with built-in generalized spherical harmonic functions. The consistent rolling direction (RD) inverse pole figures from TAKUMI and ENGIN-X have confirmed that the time-of-flight neutron diffraction has high repeatability and statistical reliability, revealing that the principal preferred orientation evaluation of steel materials is available through 90 TD ND (transverse direction normal direction) rotation of the investigated specimen on the sample stage during two neutron diffraction experiments. Moreover, these RD, TD and ND inverse pole figures before and after in situ experiments were compared with the corresponding inverse pole figures recalculated respectively from the MUSASI-L complete pole figure measurement and the HIPPO in situ microstructure evaluation. The similar orientation distribution characteristics suggested that the principal preferred orientation evaluation method can be applied to in situ microstructure evolution of bulk orthorhombic materials and spatially resolved principal preferred orientation mappings of large engineering structure parts.

Neutron reflectometry analysis of condensed water layer formation at a solid interface of epoxy resins under high humidity

Liu, Y.*; 宮田 登*; 宮崎 司*; 春藤 淳臣*; 川口 大輔*; 田中 敬二*; 青木 裕之

Langmuir, 39(29), p.10154 - 10162, 2023/06

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01091

Water absorbed by epoxy resins from a humid atmosphere considerably influences their structure and properties. Examining the effects of absorbed water on epoxy resins at their interfaces with solid substrates is crucial because of their adhesive applications in various fields. The spatial distribution of absorbed water in epoxy resin thin films under high humidity was investigated in this study by neutron reflectometry. Water molecules were found to accumulate at the SiO/epoxy resin interface after exposure at a relative humidity of 85% for 8 h. The formation of an ca.1 nm-thick condensed water layer was observed, and the thickness of this layer varied with curing conditions of epoxy systems. Furthermore, the water accumulation at the interface was noted to be affected by high-temperature and high-humidity environments. The formation of the condensed water layer is presumed to be related to the features of the polymer layer near the interface. The construction of the interface layer of epoxy resin would be affected by the interface constraint effect on the cross-linked polymer chain during the curing reaction. This study provides essential information for understanding the factors influencing the accumulation of water at the interface in epoxy resins. In the practical application, the process of improving the construction of epoxy resin near the interface would be a reasonable solution to resist the water accumulation in the interface.

Corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior of a structurally gradient steel for high-speed railway axles

Ao, N.*; Zhang, H.*; Xu, H. H.*; Wu, S. C.*; Liu, D.*; 徐 平光; Su, Y. H.; Kang, Q. H.*; Kang, G. Z.*

Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 281, p.109166_1 - 109166_14, 2023/03

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109166

Considering the complex service environments that high-speed railway axles are subjected to, the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of a structurally gradient axle steel with different pre-crack depths both in air and corrosive medium was investigated at a frequency of 5 Hz. The results indicated that in the high region, FCG rate was dramatically accelerated by corrosion, but the gap narrows as decreased. The accelerated corrosion FCG rate was a comprehensive result of the acceleration effect of the anodic dissolution, hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity and the retardation effect of corrosion-induced crack-tip blunting. Despite the fact that the corrosion resistance gradually decreased as the pre-crack depth increased, the FCG rate in the corrosive medium gradually decreased. This was because fatigue loading played a more important role than corrosion in accelerating the corrosion FCG rate.

Fatigue crack non-propagation behavior of a gradient steel structure from induction hardened railway axles

Zhang, H.*; Wu, S. C.*; Ao, N.*; Zhang, J. W.*; Li, H.*; Zhou, L.*; 徐 平光; Su, Y. H.

International Journal of Fatigue, 166, p.107296_1 - 107296_11, 2023/01

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107296

Abnormal damages in railway axles can lead to a significant hazard to running safety and reliability. To this end, a surface treatment was selected to effectively inhibit fatigue crack initiation and growth. In this study, a single edge notch bending fatigue test campaign with artificial notches was conducted to elucidate the fatigue crack non-propagation behavior in railway S38C axles subjected to an induction hardening process. The fatigue cracking behavior in the gradient structure was revealed by optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and fractography. The microhardness distribution was measured using a Vickers tester. The obtained results show that the microhardness of the strengthening layer is nearly triple that of the matrix. Owing to the gradient microstructures and hardness, as well as compressive residual stress, the fatigue long crack propagates faster once it passes through the hardened zone (approximately 2.0 mm in the radial depth). Thereafter, local retarding (including deflection, branching, and blunting) of the long crack occurs because of the relatively coarse ferrite and pearlite in the transition region and matrix. Totally, this fatigue cracking resistance is reasonably believed to be due to the gradient microstructure and residual stress. These findings help to tailor a suitable detection strategy for maximum defects or cracks in railway axles.

Flexible and tough superelastic Co-Cr alloys for biomedical applications

大平 拓実*; Xu, S.*; 平田 研二*; Xu, X.*; 大森 俊洋*; 植木 洸輔*; 上田 恭介*; 成島 尚之*; 長迫 実*; Harjo, S.; et al.

Advanced Materials, 34(27), p.2202305_1 - 2202305_11, 2022/07

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202202305

The demand for biomaterials has been increasing along with the increase in the population of elderly people worldwide. The mechanical properties and high wear resistance of metallic biomaterials makes them well-suited for use as substitutes or as support for damaged hard tissues. However, unless these biomaterials also have a low Young's modulus similar to that of human bones, bone atrophy inevitably occurs. Because a low Young's modulus is typically associated with poor wear resistance, it is difficult to realize a low Young's modulus and high wear resistance simultaneously. Also, the superelastic property of shape memory alloys makes them suitable for biomedical applications, like vascular stents and guide wires. However, due to the low recoverable strain of conventional biocompatible shape memory alloys, the demand for a new alloy system is high. The novel body-center-cubic cobalt-chromium-based alloys in this paper provide a solution to both of these problems. We believe our novel alloys are promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Enhanced covalency and nanostructured-phonon scattering lead to high thermoelectric performance in -type PbS

Rathore, E.*; Juneja, R.*; Sarkar, D.*; Roychowdhury, S.*; 古府 麻衣子; 中島 健次; Singh, A. K.*; Biswas, K.*

Materials Today Energy (Internet), 24, p.100953_1 - 100953_9, 2022/03

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2022.100953

We demonstrate a high thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of 1.45 at 900 K for Ge doped (4-10 mol%) -type PbS, which is the one of the highest values among all -type PbS-based thermoelectric materials. This high performance is achieved by simultaneous (a) enhancement of covalency in chemical bonding which increases the electrical conductivity, and (b) reduction of lattice thermal conductivity to an ultra-low value of 0.56 W mK at 900 K by the introduction of nanometer-sized (5-10 nm) precipitates of PbGeS in PbS matrix which strongly scatter the heat-carrying phonons. The presence of low-lying transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon modes at 48.24 cm and 91.83 cm, respectively are experimentally revealed from inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments. The softening of low-frequency modes at a higher temperature and ultra-short phonon lifetime (1-4.5 ps) further explain the ultra-low thermal conductivity.

Stabilization of size-controlled BaTiO nanocubes via precise solvothermal crystal growth and their anomalous surface compositional reconstruction

中島 光一*; 小名木 海飛*; 小林 芳男*; 石垣 徹*; 石川 喜久*; 米田 安宏; Yin, S.*; 垣花 眞人*; 関野 徹*

ACS Omega (Internet), 6(14), p.9410 - 9425, 2021/04

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05878

チタン酸バリウムナノキューブを水熱合成法によって合成することに成功した。ナノキューブを走査型電子顕微鏡、パルス中性子、大型放射光を用いて詳細に調べたところ、表面に酸化チタンの再構成層が形成されていることを見出した。

Status of LBE study and experimental plan at JAEA

斎藤 滋; Wan, T.*; 大久保 成彰; 大林 寛生; 渡辺 奈央; 大平 直也*; 木下 秀孝; 八巻 賢一*; 北 智士*; 吉元 秀光*; et al.

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 33, p.011041_1 - 011041_6, 2021/03

https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.33.011041

原子力機構(JAEA)では、鉛ビスマス共晶合金(LBE)を核破砕中性子発生のターゲット並びに炉心冷却材として使用する、核変換用の加速器駆動システム(ADS)の研究をしている。中性子は、1.5GeVの陽子ビーム入射による核破砕反応によって生成される。ADS開発に重要な材料照射データを取得するため、J-PARCにLBE中性子生成ターゲットを備えた照射施設の建設を提案している。LBEターゲット実用化のためには多くの技術的な課題があり、JAEAでは様々な研究開発を行っている。腐食研究に関しては、OLLOCHIの調整運転と機能試験が開始された。LBE使用する上で重要な技術である酸素濃度制御技術の開発も行っている。大型LBEループ実験では、IMMORTALを使用して、定常および過渡状態の試験を行った。機器の分野では、LBEループシステムの重要な技術として、超音波流量計とフリーズシールバルブの開発を進めている。照射施設の設計に重要なLBE中の不純物挙動の研究も開始した。本論文では、JAEAにおけるLBE関連研究の現状と研究計画について報告する。

Effect of the difference in strength of hard and soft components on the synergetic strengthening of layered materials

Kim, J. G.*; Bae, J. W.*; Park, J. M.*; Woo, W.*; Harjo, S.; Lee, S.*; Kim, H. S.*

Metals and Materials International, 27(2), p.376 - 383, 2021/02

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00657-1

Heterogeneous structured materials achieve a combination of high strength and extreme ductility due to synergetic strengthening driven by conditions in the interfacial region. Although the origin of synergetic strengthening has been revealed to be strain incompatibility in the interfacial region, the effect of the strength difference between hard and soft phases on strengthening has not been investigated well. In the work reported in the present paper, the effect of the difference in strength of the hard and soft phases on synergetic strengthening was investigated by conducting in situ neutron diffraction tensile tests. As a result, it was determined that the dislocation density in a layered sheet of high Mn (HMn) steel/interstitial free (IF) steel is higher than that in a layered sheet of HMn/low carbon steel. The big difference in mechanical properties between HMn steel and IF steel induces a high stress gradient and results in additional dislocations.